Bariatric Surgery: Types, Complications & Patient Needs

 

Bariatric Surgery: Types, Complications & Patient Needs

Bariatric surgery is any surgical procedure that involves the reduction of body fat, typically by reducing the size of the stomach with a gastric band or through removal of part of the stomach (sleeve gastrectomy or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch) or by resecting and re-routing the small intestine to a small stomach pouch (gastric bypass surgery).

Bariatric surgery has been shown to be effective in treating obesity along with associated comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease.

But it's not without risks. In fact, bariatric surgery is considered a major surgical procedure and requires careful consideration of risks and benefits. In this article, we'll review some of the complications that can arise from bariatric surgery and how to handle them. We'll also talk about nutritional considerations for patients who undergo these procedures.

Types of Bariatric Surgery

The most common types of bariatric surgery are:

  • Roux-en-Y gastric bypass:- This is the most common type of gastric bypass surgery. Gastric bypass reduces the size of your stomach to a small pouch, about the size of an egg. This limits the amount of food you can eat, leading to weight loss. The procedure also changes your intestinal anatomy, which means you absorb fewer calories from the foods you eat.
  • Adjustable gastric banding (also called laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding):- During this procedure, your surgeon places an inflatable silicone band around the top portion of your stomach to create a small pouch that holds only about 1 ounce (30 milliliters) of food. The band restricts the amount of food you can comfortably eat or drink at one time, helping you feel full after eating only a small amount of food. Over time, this leads to weight loss.

Complications of Bariatric Surgery

Potential risks of bariatric surgery include:

  1. Infection:- All surgery comes with a certain risk of infection, especially if the incision isn't kept clean and dry. Most surgical infections are treatable with antibiotics.
  2. Bleeding:- Bleeding is possible after any surgery. It's usually minor and can be stopped by applying pressure to the wound. In rare cases, bleeding is heavy and requires another operation to stop it.
  3. Blood clots:- Blood clots can form in your legs during or after bariatric surgery. These clots can travel to your lungs and become lodged in blood vessels there, which can be life-threatening. You'll be given medication to help prevent this from happening after your surgery.
  4. Leaks in your gastrointestinal system:- Leaks can occur in the connection between the stomach pouch and small intestine or at the point where a portion of your stomach is removed (gastrectomy). Leaks are more common with gastric bypass than with other types of weight-loss surgery. If a leak occurs, you might need additional treatment (such as a procedure to drain fluid from around your lungs) or another operation to repair it.
  5. Gallstones:- Gallstones may develop after rapid weight loss following bariatric surgery.

Why do patient needs Bariatric Surgery

Bariatric surgeries are performed on people who have obesity. Bariatric surgery is the term used to describe a number of weight loss surgeries. Weight loss is achieved by reducing the size of the stomach with a gastric band or through removal of a portion of the stomach (sleeve gastrectomy or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch) or by resecting and re-routing the small intestine to a small stomach pouch (gastric bypass surgery).

Bariatric surgery can be an effective way for patients to lose weight and improve their health, but it's not without risks. Patients have different needs before, during and after bariatric surgery, so it's important that nurses understand the types of bariatric surgeries available and common patient considerations.

Conclusion

It is important to consider the needs of the patient when they are deciding if they want or need Bariatric Surgery. Most don't want this procedure unless they have tried all other options. This is a life-changing procedure that can dramatically change your life for the better, if you are prepared and ready to make the changes that Bariatric Surgery requires.


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